Modern Drama Essay

Reclamation writing Reclamation writing is the English writing composed during the authentic period ordinarily alluded to as the English Restoration (1660â€1689), which relates to the most recent long stretches of the immediate Stuart reign in England, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland. By and large, the term is utilized to signify generally homogeneous styles of writing that inside on a festival of or response to the reestablished court of Charles II. It is a writing that incorporates limits, for it envelops both Paradise Lost and the Earl of Rochester’s Sodom, the cheerful sexual satire of The Country Wife and the ethical shrewdness of The Pilgrim’s Progress. It saw Locke’s Treatises of Government, the establishing of the Royal Society, the examinations and sacred reflections of Robert Boyle, the crazy assaults on theaters from Jeremy Collier, and the spearheading of scholarly analysis from John Dryden and John Dennis. The period saw news become a product, the paper formed into a pe riodical artistic expression, and the beginnings of literary analysis. The dates for Restoration writing involve show, and they contrast especially from classification to type. In this manner, the â€Å"Restoration† in dramamay last until 1700, while in verse it might last just until 1666 (see 1666 in verse) and the annus mirabilis; and in composition it may end in 1688, with the expanding strains over progression and the comparing ascend in news coverage and periodicals, or not until 1700, when those periodicals developed increasingly balanced out. When all is said in done, researchers utilize the term â€Å"Restoration† to mean the writing that started and thrived under Charles II, regardless of whether that writing was the commendatory tribute that increased another existence with reestablished gentry, the eschatological writing that demonstrated an expanding despair among Puritans, or the writing of fast correspondence and exchange that followed in the wake of England’s commercial domain. Theater The arrival of the stage-struck Charles II to control in 1660 was a significant occasion in English theater history. When the past Puritan regime’s prohibition on open stage portrayals was lifted, the show reproduced itself rapidly and plentifully. Two venue organizations, the King’s and the Duke’s Company, were set up in London, with two rich playhouses worked to structures by Christopher Wren and fitted with moveable landscape and lightning storm machines.[10] Traditionally, Restoration plays have been concentrated by class as opposed to sequence, pretty much as though they were all contemporary, however researchers today demand the fast evolvement of dramatization in the period and on the significance of social and political elements influencing it. (Except if in any case showed, the record beneath depends on Hume’s powerful Development of English Drama in the Late Seventeenth Century, 1976.) The impact of theater organization rivalry and playhouse financial aspects is likewise recognized, similar to the essentialness of the presence of the main expert entertainers (see Howe). During the 1660s and 1670s, the London scene was vitalised by the opposition between the two patent organizations. The need to adapt to the situation of the other house made dramatists and directors amazingly receptive to open taste, and showy designs vacillated nearly step by step. The mid-1670s were a high purpose of both amount and quality, with John Dryden’s Aureng-zebe (1675), William Wycherley’s The Country Wife (1675) and The Plain Dealer(1676), George Etherege’s The Man of Mode (1676), and Aphra Behn’s The Rover (1677), all inside a couple of seasons. From 1682 the creation of new plays dropped strongly, influenced both by a merger between the two organizations and by the political strife of the Popish Plot (1678) and the Exclusion emergency (1682). The 1680s were particularly lean a very long time for parody, the main exemption being the amazing vocation of Aphra Behn, whose accomplishment as the primary expert British lady playwright has been the subject of much ongoing examination. There was a swing endlessly from parody to genuine political show, reflecting distractions and divisions following on the political emergency. The couple of comedies created additionally would in general be political in center, the whig writer Thomas Shadwell fighting with the tories John Dryden and Aphra Behn. In the more settled occasions after 1688, Londoners were again fit to be diverted by stage execution, yet the single â€Å"United Company† was not solid and steady to offer it. Not, at this point fueled by rivalry, the organization had lost energy and been taken over by savage financial specialists (â€Å"Adventurers†), while the board as the imperious Christopher Rich endeavored to fund a knot of â€Å"farmed† offers and dozing accomplices by cutting actors’ compensations. The consequence of this botch was that the displeased on-screen characters set up their own co-employable organization in 1695.[11]A hardly any long periods of re-stimulated two-organization rivalry followed which permitted a short second blossoming of the show, particularly parody. Comedies like William Congreve’s Love For Love (1695) and The Way of the World (1700), and John Vanbrugh’s The Relapse (1696) and The Provoked Wife (1697) were â€Å"softer† and increasingly white collar class in ethos, totally different from the refined spectacle twenty years sooner, and focused on a more extensive crowd. On the off chance that â€Å"Restoration literature† is the writing that reflects and reflects upon the court of Charles II, Restoration dramatization apparently finishes before Charles II’s passing, as the playhouse moved quickly from the space of subjects to the area of the city working classes. Then again, Restoration dramatization shows through and through more ease and velocity than different kinds of writing, thus, much more than in different sorts of writing, its developments ought to never be seen as total. Every decade has splendid special cases to each standard and completely forgettable affirmations of it. [edit]Drama Principle article: Heroic dramatization See likewise: She-catastrophe Kind in Restoration dramatization is exceptional. Creators named their works as per the old labels, â€Å"comedy† and â€Å"drama† and, particularly, â€Å"history†, however these plays opposed the old classifications. From 1660 onwards, new emotional classifications emerged, changed, and intermixed quickly. In catastrophe, the main style in the early Restoration time frame was the male-overwhelmed chivalrous dramatization, exemplified by John Dryden’s The Conquest of Granada (1670) and Aureng-Zebe (1675) which commended incredible, forcefully manly saints and their quest for brilliance both as rulers and champions, and as sweethearts. These plays were now and again called by their authors’ accounts or catastrophes, and contemporary pundits will call them after Dryden’s term of â€Å"Heroic drama†. Chivalrous shows fixated on the activities of men of unequivocal natures, men whose physical and (once in a while) scholarly characteristic s made them common pioneers. In one sense, this was an impression of an admired ruler, for example, Charles or Charles’s subjects may have envisioned. Be that as it may, such running legends were additionally observed by the crowds as once in a while subbing for honorable agitators who might review treachery with the blade. The plays were, be that as it may, terrible in the strictest definition, despite the fact that they were not really dismal. During the 1670s and 1680s, a continuous move happened from gallant to woeful disaster, where the attention was on adoration and local concerns, despite the fact that the primary characters may regularly be open figures. After the exceptional achievement of Elizabeth Barry in moving the crowd to tears in the job of Monimia in Thomas Otway’s The Orphan (1680), â€Å"she-tragedies† (a term instituted by Nicholas Rowe), which concentrated on the sufferings of a blameless and ethical lady, turned into the predominant type of wretched catastrophe. Elizabeth Howe has contended that the most significant clarification for the move in taste was the rise of deplorable entertainers whose prominence made it unavoidable for producers to make significant jobs for them. With the combination of the writer â€Å"master of pathos† Thomas Otway and the extraordinary tragedienne Elizabeth Barry in The Orphan, the center moved from legend to courageous woman. Noticeable she-catastrophes incorporate John Banks’s Virtue Betrayed, or, Anna Bullen(1682) (about the execution of Anne Boleyn), Thomas Southerne’s The Fatal Marriage (1694), and Nicholas Rowe’s The Fair Penitent (1703) and Lady Jane Gray, 1715. While she-disasters were all the more serenely shocking, in that they demonstrated ladies who languished over no deficiency of their own and highlighted heartbreaking imperfections that were enthusiastic as opposed to good or scholarly, their prosperity didn't imply that all the more obviously political catastrophe was not organized. The Exclusion emergency carried with it various shocking ramifications in genuine governmental issues, and in this manner any treatment of, for instance, the Earl of Essex (a few renditions of which w ere circled and quickly acted at non-patent theaters) could be perused as dissident. Thomas Otway’s Venice Preserv’d of 1682 was a royalist political play that, as Dryden’s Absalom and Achitophel, appeared to adulate the ruler for his activities in the supper tub plot. Otway’s play had the drifting city of Venice sub for the stream town ofLondon, and it had the dull senatorial plotters of the play sub for the Earl of Shaftesbury. It even figured out how to figure in the Duke of Monmouth, Charles’s ill-conceived, war-saint child who was supported by numerous individuals as Charles’s replacement over the Roman Catholic James. Venice Preserv’d is, it could be said, the ideal amalgamation of the more established politically royalist disasters and narratives of Dryden and the fresher she-catastrophes of female torment, for, in spite of the fact that the plot is by all accounts a political moral story, the activity focuses on a lady who thinks about a man in

Aluminum smelter in South Africa Essay

We suggest you don't assemble this new Greenfield essential aluminum smelter in South Africa. So as to accomplish a 15% ROI on your speculation, you require a drawn out normal cost of $1500 for aluminum. We have assessed that interest for essential aluminum in 5 years will be at $20bn, which will bolster a market cost of around $1490. This intensely expands on the suspicion that aluminum inventories will be zero at that point, which relies upon an effective execution of the worldwide Memorandum of Understanding. Truly these non-official understandings have been difficult to implement, thus a situation where flexibly is far more noteworthy than request is likely, prompting huge inventories and lower costs. It is a result of this vulnerability that we suggest you don't manufacture the plant. Back-up figurings: 1.ROI computation: Given venture expenses of $1.6bn, full limit of 466,000 t/year and a ROI prerequisite of 15%, we determined that you require a cost of $1,500 per ton of aluminum. 2.In the short run, all smelters need to take care of variable costs, which incorporate power, alumina, other material expenses and cargo cost. Over the long haul, they have to take care of all out expenses. a.The current cost ($1,100) takes care of variable expenses for 20 million tons of limit; the since quite a while ago run cost should be higher. b.Smelters may waver to downsize creation of individual pots, as this will in any case bring about expenses of work or other non-material expenses, just as extra expenses in reconstructing and reline the pots. c.Not all makers are dependent upon similar weights, e.g., variable expenses vary essentially between various smelters (diverse size, proficiency, tax reductions, power understandings). Government-run offices may have progressively money related help because of their social job notwithstanding unadulterated creation, for example, making sure about crude materials gracefully for household businesses, just as giving occupations to ne arby networks. 3.Given a CAGR of 2% every year, we gauge complete aluminum request to be 27 million tons in 1998. Accepting that inventories are zero, and essential interest represents 74% of complete gracefully, this would suggest essential interest of 20 million tons. 4.To produce 20 million tons, the cost would be around $1,490 per ton. 5.The decrease in inventories and adjustment of the value level relies upon the achievement of the MoU. Different makers may not approve of you opening another smelter when they have needed to eliminate creation.

Hobby, Oveta Culp

Hobby, Oveta Culp Hobby, Oveta Culp, 1905â€"95, American public official and newspaper publisher, U.S. Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare (1953â€"55), b. Killeen, Tex. She served as parliamentarian of the Texas house of representatives from 1925 to 1931 and from 1939 to 1941. In 1931 she married William Pettus Hobby, former governor of Texas (1917â€"21) and publisher of the Houston Post. She held various positions on the newspaper and at the family-owned broadcasting company. In World War II she became (1942) director of the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC), which, in 1943, became the Women's Army Corps (WAC). She was commissioned colonel in 1943 and remained director until 1945. Appointed Federal Security Administrator under President Eisenhower, she became (Apr., 1953) the first Secretary of the newly created Dept. of Health, Education and Welfare, the only woman in the cabinet. In July, 1955, she resigned to succeed her ailing husband as editor of the Houston Post, later (1965) beco ming chairman of the board. The newspaper, now closed, was sold to the Toronto Sun Publishing Co. of Canada in 1983. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biographies

Conjugating Apparaître (to Appear)

As you learn French, you quickly come to understand that the conjugating of verbs is a major part of the language. Its important to learn how to do this and verbs like  apparaà ®tre  are good practice for your studies. Meaning to appear,  apparaà ®tre  is an irregular verb so it can be a bit tricky. This lesson will show you how to conjugate it. Conjugating the French Verb  Apparaà ®tre There are times when conjugating French verbs is easy and times when its a little tougher.  Apparaà ®tre  falls into the latter category because it does not follow the patterns of regular verbs. Yet, there is a pattern here and it follows through with almost all other  French verbs ending  in  -aà ®tre.  This means that once you study  apparaà ®tre, you can move on to similar irregular verbs. When conjugating  apparaà ®tre, you will need to match the subject pronoun -- the I, you, we, etc. or in French,  j, tu, nous  -- with the tense needed for the sentence. This chart will help with that. For instance, to translate I appear, you will say japparais or for we will appear, you will use nous apparaà ®trons. Subject Present Future Imperfect j' apparais apparaà ®trai apparaissais tu apparais apparaà ®tras apparaissais il apparaà ®t apparaà ®tra apparaissait nous apparaissons apparaà ®trons apparaissions vous apparaissez apparaà ®trez apparaissiez ils apparaissent apparaà ®tront apparaissaient The Present Participle of  Apparaà ®tre   When you give  apparaà ®tre  an -ant  ending, you will be using the present participle. It can be used as a verb, but also an adjective, gerund, and noun when needed.  The  present participle  of  apparaà ®tre is  apparaissant.   The Past Tense of  Apparaà ®tre   You can use the imperfect to express having appeared in the past, but its more common (and easier) to use the  passà © composà ©. This allows you to use a single past participle for every subject, no matter if its I appeared or we appeared. The catch to this is that you have to conjugate and use the  auxiliary verb  for apparaà ®tre, which is  avoir.  The  past participle  of apparaà ®tre  is  apparu. To put these together, you will say jai  apparu for I appeared. More Conjugations of  Apparaà ®tre   Those are not the only conjugations associated with  apparaà ®tre. While you should be aware of them, the passà © simple and imperfect subjunctive are used in formal writing. The subjunctive and conditional forms of  apparaà ®tre  are a little more important. You will use the subjunctive when the verb mood implies uncertainty and the conditional when it may or may not be depending on conditions. Subject Subjunctive Conditional Passà © Simple Imperfect Subjunctive j' apparaisse apparaà ®trais apparus apparusse tu apparaisses apparaà ®trais apparus apparusses il apparaisse apparaà ®trait apparut apparà »t nous apparaissions apparaà ®trions apparà »mes apparussions vous apparaissiez apparaà ®triez apparà »tes apparussiez ils apparaissent apparaà ®traient apparurent apparussent The final conjugation for  apparaà ®tre  is the imperative. This verb mood allows you to drop the subject pronoun and use only the verb form. It applies to the  tu, nous,  and  vous  uses, so instead of nous apparaissons, you can just say apparaissons. Imperative (tu) apparais (nous) apparaissons (vous) apparaissez The Pattern to Conjugating -aà ®tre  Verbs With one exception, all  French verbs  that end in  -aà ®tre  are conjugated the same way as  apparaà ®tre.  Compare the conjugations above to those for  disparaà ®tre  (to disappear) and  paraà ®tre  (to seem) and you will see the similarities. These same rules apply to the following verbs: comparaà ®tre  - to appear in courtconnaà ®tre  - to know, be familiar withmà ©connaà ®tre  - to be unaware ofreconnaà ®tre  -  to recognizereparaà ®tre  - to reappeartransparaà ®tre  - to show through The exception to the pattern is  naà ®tre, which means to be born. You will have to memorize that one on its own.

State and Federal objectives of punishment Essay - 1092 Words

For centuries governments have acted on behalf of society removing and punishing criminals with the goal of protecting its citizens. Criminals were arrested and locked-up in jails awaiting their sentencing. Once sentenced, they were publically humiliated, tortured, or killed. Early forms punishments were cruel and mostly focused on retribution. State and Federal objectives of punishment Today punishment is the most dominant correctional goal of both the state and federal government in response to criminality. The purpose of punishment is to protect society, rehabilitate criminal offenders, and reduce recidivism. In both the state and federal correctional institutions, their objectives are to use punishment as form deterrence while†¦show more content†¦These measures were taken to ensure public safety but are now posing a problem for our correctional facilities. Overcrowding and budgets are among the problems brought about by these measures. Both the state and federal correctional population throughout the United States have steadily seen significant increases in their population, every year for the past decades. Based on the census found on the Bureau of Justice website, the data collected between June 30th 2000 to December 30th 2005 showed that prisoners held in custody between federal and state prisons increased by 10%. (â€Å"Bureau of Justice Statisti cs†, p.1 -2) These increases are caused by a rise in recidivism, the lengthening of prison sentence, a decrease in of parole. This has also created budget issues for the operation and the expansions of correctional facilities across America. Prisons are filled beyond their capacities, and the staff is not enough to keep up with this rapid growth. In the past decades Illegal immigration has also contributed to the increased inmate populations. Budgets are not enough for the correctional systems to support community-based programs, such as parole, house arrest and, day reporting. The increase in prison population is also putting more stress on an alreadyShow MoreRelatedState And Federal Objectives Of Punishment1040 Words   |  5 PagesAbstract In this paper I will go over state and federal objectives of punishment. How sentencing affects the state and federal corrections systems will also be discussed. There are two different types of sentencing which are determinate and indeterminate sentencing, and they will be defined in this paper. State and Federal Objectives of Punishment There are four different fundamental objectives of punishment. 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EnumeratedRead MorePunishment Versus Rehabiliation1445 Words   |  6 PagesPunishment Versus Rehabilitation Isabel Nevarez University of Phoenix AJS/504 Nicholas Russo August 17, 2015 This paper, I will discuss the issues of punishment versus rehabilitation. I will point out issues on how punishment and rehabilitation affects deterrence of crime, how it affects victims and their family. I will also discuss how it affects offenders, the impact it has on society, and the fiscal impact upon society. Punishment and rehabilitation helps the inmate in different ways.Read More Three Strikes Law Essay1740 Words   |  7 Pagesrepeat the same crimes or graduate to serious crimes (felonies). The fear of repeat offenders and the increase of recidivism ignited the federal and state governments to seek harsher ways to protect citizens’ safety. Mike Reynolds a photographer whose daughter, Kimber, was murdered in1992 during a purse snatching incident introduced the Three Strikes Law in 1993. 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The goals of corrections include punishment, rehabilitation and deterrence of crime; supervision of criminals and preparing offenders for re-entry into societyRead MoreMandatory Minimum Sentences Imposed By Statute865 Words   |  4 PagesMiscarriage of justice is reflected in various states across the nation, where there are far too many occurrences where individuals have been convicted of crimes and subjected to unfair mandatory sentencing. â€Å"Mandatory minimum sentencing laws require binding prison terms of a particular length for people convicted of certain federal and state crimes† (Famm, n.d.). â€Å"Mandatory minimum sentences imposed by statute are intended to achieve consistency in sentencing at the expense of individual consideration

Role of Project Manager Free Essays

string(69) " participation gains the commitment of the team to achieve the plan\." NICMAR ASSIGNMENT ON â€Å"ROLE OF PROJECT MANAGERS† SUBMITTED BY: JHA PRAVIN KUMAR JOSHI SOURABH MALANI GOVIND 221071 221074 221094 GUIDED BY: Prof. T. K. We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Project Manager or any similar topic only for you Order Now GANGULI ACM 22-SECTION 2 NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT AND RESEARCH, PUNE ROLE OF PROJECT MANAGERS Page 1 NICMAR INDEX Contents 1. Introduction 2. Role of Project Manager 2. 1 Planning 2. 2 Organizing 2. 3 Controlling 2. 4 Leading 2. 5 Communicating 2. 6 Cognitive functions 2. 7 Self management functions 2. 8 Motivational and personal development functions 2. 9 Customer awareness functions 2. 0 Organizational savvy functions 2. 11 Project Manager’s Unofficial Job Duties 3. Conclusion Page no. 3 5 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 9 10 ROLE OF PROJECT MANAGERS Page 2 NICMAR 1. Introduction 1. 1 Project A project is a temporary endeavor undertaken to achieve a particular aim. At the most basic level, a project is actually the response to a need, the solution to a problem. Further it is a solution that promises a benefit especially financial benefit. The fundamental purpose for most projects is to either make money or save money, hence projects should be financially justifiabl e. A project is temporary in nature; that means that it has a specific start and finish. A project consists of a well defined collection of small jobs and ordinarily culminates in the creation of an end product or products. A project is a unique, one time undertaking; it will never again be done exactly the same way, by the same people, and within the same environment. There will always be some uncertainty associated with the project. This uncertainty represents risks to your ability to make definitive plans and predict outcomes with high level of confidence. All projects consume resources in the form of time, money, materials and labour. 1. 2 Project Management Project management is the application of knowledge, skill, tools and techniques to project activities to meet project requirement. The project management process calls for the creation of a small organizational (project team), which is often a microcosm of larger organization. Once the team has produced desired outcome, the process then calls for the decommissioning of that small organizational structure. The project form of organization allows the manager to be responsive to: †¢ †¢ †¢ The client and the environment Identify and correct problems at an early date Make timely decisions about trade-offs between conflicting project goals ROLE OF PROJECT MANAGERS Page 3 NICMAR †¢ Ensure that managers of the separate tasks that comprise the project do not optimize the performance of their individual tasks at the expense of the total project- that is, that they do not suboptimize. 1. 3 Project Manager A project manager is usually responsible for the success or the failure of the project. They first need to define the project and then build its work plan. If the scope of the project is not very clear, or the project is executing poorly, the manager is held accountable. However, this does not mean that the manager does all the work by himself (which is practically impossible). There is an entire team under the project manager, which helps to achieve all the objectives of the project. However, if something goes wrong, the project manager is ultimately accountable. Apart from this, depending on the size and the complexity of the project, they may need to take on multiple roles. The project manager may need to assist with gathering business requirements, help to design a database management system or may prepare project documentation. They may work full time on a large project, or may work part-time on various projects of a smaller nature; or may alternatively handle various projects as well as handle other responsibilities like business analysis and business development. At times, they may have accountability but not authority. For example, he or she may be using certain resources but might not have direct control over those resources. At such times, the manager might find certain limitations over task execution, which might not take place as they might have liked. Not having direct control over the state of finances and finance allocation might cause ambiguity. Project managers use project management software, such as Microsoft Project, to organize their tasks and workforce. These software packages allow project managers to produce reports and charts in a few minutes, compared to the several hours it can take if they do not use a software package. ROLE OF PROJECT MANAGERS Page 4 NICMAR In order to be successful, the project manager must be given support and authority by senior management. 2. Role of Project Manager It is the responsibility of project manager to make sure that the customer is satisfied and the work scope is completed in a quality manner, using budget, and on time. The Project Manager has primary responsibility for providing leadership in planning, organizing and controlling the work effort to accomplish the project objectives. In other words, the project manager provides the leadership to project team to accomplish the project objective. The project manager coordinates the activities of various team members to ensure that they perform the right tasks at the proper time, as a cohesive group. The different roles of project manager are as follows: †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Planning Organizing Controlling Leading Communicating Cognitive functions Self management functions Motivational and personal development functions Customer awareness functions Organizational savvy functions ROLE OF PROJECT MANAGERS Page 5 NICMAR 2. 1 Planning First, the project manager clearly defines the project objectives and reaches agreement with the customer on this objective. The manager then communicate this objective to the project team in such a manner as to create a vision of what will constitute successful accomplishment of the objective. The project manager spearheads development of a plan to achieve the project objectives. By involving the project team in developing this plan, the project manager ensures more comprehensive plan than he or she could develop alone. Furthermore, such participation gains the commitment of the team to achieve the plan. You read "Role of Project Manager" in category "Papers" The project manager reviews the plan with the customer to gain endorsement and then sets up the project management information system-either manual or computerized-for comparing actual progress to plan progress. It’s important that this system be explained to the project team so that the team can use it properly to manage the project. 2. 2 Organizing Organizing involves securing the appropriate resources to perform the work. First, the project must decide which tasks should be done in-house and which tasks should be done by subcontractors or consultants. For tasks that will be carried out in-house, the project manager gains a commitment from the specific people who will work on the project. For tasks that will be performed by subcontractors, the project manager clearly defines the work scope and deliverables and negotiates a contract with each subcontractor. The project manager also assigns responsibility and delegates’ authority to specific individuals or subcontractors for the various tasks, with the understanding that they will e accountable for the accomplishment of their tasks within the assigned budget and schedule. For large projects involving many individuals, the project manager may designate leaders for specific group of tasks. Finally, and most important, the task of organizing involves creating an environment in which the individuals are highly motivated to work together as a project t eam. ROLE OF PROJECT MANAGERS Page 6 NICMAR 2. 3 Controlling To control the project, the project manager implements a management information system designed to track actual progress and compare it with planned progress. Such a system helps the manager distinguish between busy-ness and accomplishments. Project team members monitor the progress of their assigned tasks and regularly provide data on progress, schedule and cost. These data are supplemented by regular project review meetings. If actual progress falls behind planned progress or unexpected events occur the project manager takes immediate action. He or she obtains input and advice from team members regarding appropriate corrective actions and how to replan those parts of the project. It’s important that problems and even potential problems, be identified early and action taken. The project manager cannot take a â€Å"let’s wait and see how things works out† approach- things never works out on their own. He or she must intervene and be proactive, resolving problems before they become worse. 2. 4 Leading Project manager fosters development of a common mission and vision to the team members. He should clearly define roles, responsibilities and performance expectations for all his team members. He uses leadership style appropriately to situation or stage of team development. He should be able to foster collaboration among team members. He should provide clear direction and priorities to his team members. He should be efficient enough to remove obstacles that hamper team progress, readiness or effectiveness. He should promote team participation in problem solving and decision making as appropriate. He should pass credit on to team, and promotes their positive visibility to upper management. He should appreciate, promote and leverage the diversity within the team. 2. 5 Communicating ROLE OF PROJECT MANAGERS Page 7 NICMAR The Project Manager should be able to communicate effectively with all levels inside and outside of the organizations. He should be able to negotiate fairly and effectively with the customers/subcontractors. He should be able to bring conflicts into the open and manages it collaboratively and productively with the help of other team members. He should be able to able to influence without relying on coercive power or threats. He should be able to convey ideas and information clearly and concisely, both in writing and orally to all the team members. . 6 Cognitive functions The project manager should identify the problem and gathers information systematically and seeks input from several sources. He should then consider a broad range of issues or factors while solving these problems. For this he collects the appropriate quantity of data for the situation and discusses it with all the team members before making a decision. He then draws accurate conclusions from quantitative data and makes decisions in an unbiased, objective manner using an appropriate process. For this process of decision making he understands the concept of risk versus return and makes decision accordingly. 2. 7 Self management functions The project manager should be able to maintain focus and control when faced with ambiguity and uncertainty and should be able to show consistency among principles, values and behavior. He should be resilient and tenacious in the face of pressure, opposition, constraints, or adversity. Being the head of the project he should manage implementations effectively and should recognize as someone â€Å"who gets things done. He should continuously seek feedbacks from the team members and modify his behavior accordingly. He should take keen interest in learning and self development opportunities. 2. 8 Motivational and personal development functions Project manager should consider individual skills, values and interest of all his team members when assigning or delegating tasks to them. He should allow team ROLE OF PROJECT MANAGERS Page 8 NICMAR me mbers an appropriate amount of freedom to do the job. He should accurately access individual strength and development needs of his team members to complete the work effectively. He should continuously offer opportunities for personal and professional growth to his team members. He should arrange for training program and continuously seeks support to his team member when needed. He should pass credit on to the individuals and promote their positive visibility to upper management. He should give timely, specific and constructive feedback to all his team members. 2. 9 Customer awareness functions Project manager should be able to anticipate customer’s needs effectively and proactively strives to satisfy them. He should be able to accurately translate the customer’s verbalized wants into what they actually needs. He should be able to understand customers and their business and actively build and maintain strong customer relationships. He should understand customer’s issues, concerns and queries and try to resolve them effectively. He should actively strive to exceed customer expectations. 2. 10 Organizational savvy functions Project manager should involve the right people at the right time for a particular job. Understands, accepts and properly uses power and influence in relationships. He should build and leverage formal and informal networks to get things done. He should know the mission, structure and functions of the organizations and others. He should understand profitability and general management philosophy. He balance interests and needs of team/project with those of the broader organization. 2. 11 Project Manager’s Unofficial Job Duties The functional competencies listed above represents official duties of the typical project manager. In fact, if organization has developed a job description for project managers, it probably includes many of these functional competencies. What we won’t find in job description are the unofficial duties that Project Managers perform in the course of carrying out their mission. Let’s examine some of the key ones: ROLE OF PROJECT MANAGERS Page 9 NICMAR Babysitter: This refers to the apparent need to provide close guidance or detailed instructions to certain individuals. This situation results from any number of root causes. The target may be under qualified, lack of confidence or simply crave attention. Salesperson: There will be times when they will have to rely heavily on their ability to influence thers to sell an idea, sell themselves or perhaps sell the virtues of Project Management. Most of the selling situations will be helpful and have positive outcomes. However if he find himself spending too much time selling Project Management, they may signal deeper underline problems such as issues of trust or confidence. If most of the selling he does to his management, he is in trouble; this is a signal that l ife as a project manager may be exceptionally challenging. Teacher: This is an example of an unofficial role that actually yields positive roles. In fact, superior project managers will be able to educate and develop those they work with as they manage the project. Friend: Maintaining friendship and professional relationship with the same people is difficult. However if they can do it they will benefit greatly. An open, informal and comfortable communication linkage is much more likely to keep them supplied with more of the information they need than formal, rigorous and stiff team meetings. Finally avoid the trap of believing that he is been put in charge of a project so he has risen above his peers and friendship no longer matters. . Conclusion â€Å"The Project Manager is a key ingredient in the success of a Project. In addition to providing leadership in planning, organizing and controlling the Project, the manager should possess a set of skills that will both inspire the project team to succeed and win the confidence of the customer. Effective Project Managers have strong leadership ability, the ability to develop people , excellent communication skills, good inter personal skills, the ability to handle stress, problem solving skills and time management skills†. ROLE OF PROJECT MANAGERS Page 10 How to cite Role of Project Manager, Papers

Macbeth story free essay sample

William Shakespearean last tragedy, the timeless Macbeth, has not become obsolete due to the universal concerns that remain pertinent in our society. In his play he portrays many themes through the use of controversial characters; Many of these concept have ongoing relevance to our world today that subsequently produce sinister connotations. But the ingenuity with which Shakespeare painted the portraits of the eventual corruption and moral decay of ones pureness, caused by the rapid influx of power bestowed upon a single individual, and the adverse effects of allotting the great chain of being, truly resonate with modern audiences. Shakespearean representation of the ramifications that a disruption to the Great Chain of Being would cause is one of the reasons for its ongoing relevance. Historically, Shakespeare has paid great reverence to the hierarchical order in which society must abide by in Renaissance England. It was believed that the health of a country and positive elements was directly related to the moral legitimacy of its king. We will write a custom essay sample on Macbeth story or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As such in the 21st century, if the leader of a nation is good and Just then the nation will operate smoothly. This concept is demonstrated when Macbeth disturbs the chain by murdering Duncan and usurping the throne, nature goes haywire. Lennox Some say, the earth was ferrous and did shake, (2. 3. 46-53). The earth is a states personified component used to demonstrate the effect of what happens when a move is made against Gods will. This entire soliloquy is a pathetic fallacy that displays the negative effects of uncontrolled power. Machetes regicide at Inverness initiates chaos in Scotland, as any attempt of displacement would be a slight against god which is supplemented with disorder in the natural universe. A statement made by Marina Villa in her critical analysis of this text, Macbeth focuses on the oedipal complex; the father/son struggle between Macbeth and Duncan and the fall of the heroes through fatal conscience explains that the Oedipus complex is incorporated into the play. The theory is used to describe the relationship between Duncan and Macbeth and how it leads to corruption. The Oedipus complex is a psychoanalytic theory; it is the desire for sexual involvement with the parent of the opposite sex and a sense of rivalry with the parent of the same sex. But in Macbeth he sexual side of the theory is suppressed and the role of the mother is symbolized by the power that comes with the title, King. This emphasizes Macbeth thirst for power. Machetes lust for power caused him to make sinister decisions that created corruption. The way Shakespeare depicted the repercussions that this may result in, such as the formation of destructive tyrants, are two other notable themes that have strong relevance. Though in the present day, instead of divine kings and monarchs we have politically elected people who wish to fulfill their power but have become erupted in the process. The infamous dictators of our society that also abused power in this way; Muhammad Qaeda, Sad Hussein and Did Main prove that this type of corruption leads to an individual becoming a tyrannical oppressor. A state of corruption is not one that a person can easily withdraw from as advocated by Macbeth when he states, all causes shall give way. I am in blood stepped in so far that should I wade no more. The metaphoric language used in that line that he states to the instigator that planted the seed to power into his mind Lady Macbeth, ashes forward the fact that he is so far in corruption there is no point in going back and he may as well go forth with his dishonesty. This quote also articulates how boundless power creates tyranny. The rhyming couplet Hear it not, Duncan; for it is a knell that summons thee to heaven or to hell, dramatists the corruption in Machetes decision to kill Duncan. Though he is hesitant at first, his desire to be the new monarch of Scotland and his thirst for power overcomes his good nature, hence the birth of Machetes tyrannical side. Macbeth is paranoid that now a couple of the vents in the witches prophecy have come true, the likelihood of the other prediction, Banquet descendants taking the throne, is at large. This is shown through the dramatic mood set by the rhyming couplets used in his small soliloquy after his conversation with the murderers in the first scene of act 1 where he states, It is concluded . Banquet, thy souls flight, if it find heave, must find it out tonight. The personified dialect in which Banquet soul is referred to in that soliloquy suggests that the mood is not only dramatic but also one reeking of audaciousness. This homebodies unchecked power brings about a thought of invincibility. Shakespearean Macbeth is expressed through the exploration of a wide range of contextual themes which have many parallels that can be drawn between those morals of our world today. At the forefront of these concepts, he depicts how violating the great chain as a portent of Mother Nature wreaking havoc and the greed for power is the catalyst which in turn causes corruption, beautifully. This play is incredibly relevant due to society being able to relate to and understand the consequences caused by these morally deficient and inherently flawed themes.